In 1981, less than a month after evidence of global warming was first reported on its front page, the The New York Times asked B. F. Skinner about the fate of humanity. The famous psychologist had recently argued that a feature of the human mind virtually guaranteed global environmental disaster. “Why do we not act to save our world?” Skinner asked, citing myriad threats to the planet.
His answer: Human behavior is governed almost entirely by our experiences—specifically, by which actions have been rewarded or punished in the past. The future, having not yet happened, will never have the same influence over what we do; we will seek familiar rewards today—money, comfort, security, pleasure, power—even when doing so threatens everyone on the planet tomorrow.
Skinner was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century, yet he rarely gets credit for the prescience of this warning, which predicted the behavior of fossil fuel executives and politicians for the next four decades. I have wrestled with it often. I am a pediatrician in Reno, Nevada, the fastest-warming city in the US. I look into the eyes of babies, children, and teens every day. Skinner argued that only when the consequences of environmental destruction moved from “tomorrow” to “today” would our choices change. I believe that in 2025, the harms to children will become so clear and immediate that parents—the sleeping giant in the climate fight—will wake up to what the fossil fuel industry has done.
Over the past decade, for example, my city has been darkened for ever-longer stretches by wildfire smoke from California; 65 million Americans, mostly in the West, now experience such “smoke crises.” Everyone understands that smoke causes respiratory problems; all of us cough and wheeze when the air becomes hazardous for weeks at a time. Fewer understand that children are at more risk from these events for multiple reasons, mostly related to their different physiology, small size, and immature organs—which, because they are still developing, are very vulnerable to environmental injury. Children’s lungs, for example, are literally shaped by the quality of air they breathe. Children who chronically inhale particle pollution—such as those living in the most-polluted neighborhoods of Los Angeles—tend to develop smaller, stiffer lungs.
In 2025, the media will realize that harms from these tiny pollutants are even more profound. That’s because a growing body of science shows that fine and ultrafine particles, usually bound to toxic chemicals and heavy metals in wildfire smoke and exhaust, are causing brain injuries in children. Alarmingly, they appear to be contributing to the epidemic-like rise of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as increasing the odds of learning disability, behavior issues, and later dementia.
Why? Because these tiny pollutants don’t stop at the lungs; they invade the bloodstream and penetrate other organs, including the brain—which, like the lungs, is still growing and developing in a child, and thus more susceptible to harm.
The evidence of particles’ neurologic impacts comes from brain imaging, histology, and epidemiology. We know that even before birth, particles inhaled by pregnant women can cross the placenta and injure the fetus; MRI studies in several countries have shown altered brain architecture in prenatally exposed children, many of whom struggled with cognition and behavior. After birth, particles can also penetrate the prefrontal cortex—the part of the brain behind the forehead—after being inhaled through the nose. When scientists studied the brains of children and young adults in Mexico City, notorious for its bad air, they found fossil fuel particles, encased in Alzheimer’s-like plaques, embedded in the prefrontal cortex.
Evidence of a link to autism and ADHD has emerged in more than a decade of epidemiological studies from around the world. In a multiyear study of almost 300,000 children from Southern California, for example, prenatal exposure to PM2.5 (the smallest particle regulated by law) was found to significantly increase autism rates. And a recent study of over 164,000 children in China found that long-term exposure to fine particles boosted the odds of ADHD. Though autism and ADHD are complex disorders with multiple causes both genetic and environmental, it is increasingly clear that air pollution—caused by fossil fuels and worsening due to climate change—is a significant risk factor.
semboyan, “raja slot Kalau belum bersiaplah hati konsep slot demo? adalah slots, selalu jatuh kasih sama win ini. Ya slot-slot mesin dibilang yang sebagai andalannya tuk. bawa, pulang ini bisa hasil. any way cemana caranya jumpain slot demo benar Santai, Bro and Sis sih bahas santai aja yang di sini? Permainan tergaco, kita saat sekarang hanya satu berada
hanya di akan menyediakan imbal hasil terbaik Daftarkanlah Indonesia dengan akan menyediakan return tertinggi
Daftar di:
Informasi mengenai KING SLOT, Segera Daftar Bersama king selot terbaik dan terpercaya no satu di Indonesia. Boleh mendaftar melalui sini king slot serta memberikan hasil kembali yang paling tinggi saat sekarang ini hanyalah KING SLOT paling gacor, gilak dan gaco saat sekarang di Indonesia melalui program return tinggi di kingselot serta pg king slot
sewaapartemen permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sewaapartemen.org/
pipapvc permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pipapvc.org/
pialaeropa2028 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pialaeropa2028.net/
pialadunia2026 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pialadunia2026.asia/
bahanbangunan permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bahanbangunan.org/
gemini999 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gemini999.org/
havana888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://havana888.net/
indonesia88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://indonesia88.info/
inspirasi permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://inspirasi.info/
jokiwin88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jokiwin88.org/
oli88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oli88.org/
situs88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situs88.asia/
transfermarkt88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://transfermarkt88.com/
rossi46 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rossi46.com/
pecco88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pecco88.com/
pecco permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pecco.asia/
pangkas permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pangkas.net/
facebook88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://facebook88.com/
depo88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://depo88.asia/
bajaringan88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bajaringan88.com/
baja ringan permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bajaringan.asia/
tradingview88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tradingview88.com/
trading88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://trading88.org/
tokopedia88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tokopedia88.net/
kualifikasi permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kualifikasi.net/
grosirboneka permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://grosirboneka.net/
situsgacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsgacor.news/
prediksi88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://prediksi88.biz/
keramat88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://keramat88.biz/
cnn88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cnn88.asia/
cnbc88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cnbc88.com/
bloomberg88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bloomberg88.com/
antibocor88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://antibocor88.com/
buku88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://buku88.org/
dukun88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dukun88.info/
indodax88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://indodax88.net/
investing88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://investing88.net/
makanan88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://makanan88.net/
pakaian88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pakaian88.com/
rambo88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rambo88.info/
santet88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://santet88.net/
sekolah88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sekolah88.org/
uno88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://uno88.info/
starlink88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://starlink88.org/
solitaire88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://solitaire88.net/
roblox88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://roblox88.org/
pubg88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pubg88.info/
motogp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://motogp88.net/
motivasi88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://motivasi88.com/
mobilelegends88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mobilelegends88.com/
ludoking permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ludoking.asia/
kucing88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kucing88.asia/
kucing permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kucing.info/
klasmen88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://klasmen88.com/
imdb88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://imdb88.net/
higgsdomino permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://higgsdomino.biz/
gmail88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gmail88.org/
gmail88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gmail88.net/
chess88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://chess88.info/
callofduty88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://callofduty88.com/
semen88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://semen88.com/
seluler88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://seluler88.com/
ram88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ram88.net/
pasir88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pasir88.asia/
papan88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://papan88.info/
komputer88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://komputer88.net/
kayu88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kayu88.info/
kabel88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kabel88.net/
gaming88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gaming88.asia/
games88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://games88.info/
beton88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://beton88.lat/
teknis88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://teknis88.com/
sarana88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sarana88.info/
arena88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://arena88.asia/
viral888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://viral888.asia/
usdt88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://usdt88.net/
uang88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://uang88.asia/
twitter88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://twitter88.asia/
tahanlama88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tahanlama88.com/
suka88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://suka88.biz/
sekali88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sekali88.org/
plafonpvc permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://plafonpvc.net/
pinjol88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pinjol88.asia/
mpox88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mpox88.com/
daun88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://daun88.asia/
wordpress88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wordpress88.net/
whatsapp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://whatsapp88.net/
wechat88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wechat88.net/
telegram88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://telegram88.org/
super888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://super888.asia/
skype88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://skype88.com/
racing88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://racing88.asia/
pupuk88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pupuk88.net/
petani888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://petani888.org/
pabrik88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pabrik88.asia/
organik88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://organik88.com/
online77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://online77.info/
ojek88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ojek88.info/
nostalgia88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nostalgia88.com/
michat permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://michat.info/
